This research is based on answering the following questions: • How social policies are changing the aspect of poverty? • How the concepts of Great society build up the level for underclass model? • Does the social policy during 1960s affect the welfare of current scenario? • What policies of Murray can help to develop the society during 1960s? Literature Review Critical analysis of the Constraints on Helping As cited by Nwankpa (2017), the laws of social programs had some distinct characteristics that needed a discussion in the 1960s to embed the clear reason behind the social transfer programs. Murray in reference to this focused on the plan to escape these influence and develop a free society against all the norms. However, the theory of selection completely varied in this view and thus demanded for obtaining other eligibility. The literature in view of the Chapter 16 of Charles Murray, the constraints of Healing focused on the critical scenario where the objective of irrational eligibility of free society is inspired(Keith-Jenningset al., 2019). Moreover, the scenario of food stamps distribution suggests that the eligibility in providing the food stamps needs a change. However, several literatures explained these terms as a flawed attack to deform the social reforms and only consider the development of poor and maintaining the equilibrium in the society. In addition to this, various literatures grasped on the sight of several factors such as economic, demographic and moral in order to explain the concept of how the poor people are getting affected in this country. This chapter deals with understanding the concept of three main laws of the social programs such as the law of imperfect selection, the law of unintended rewards, and the law of net harm. Moreover, the concept of unwanted behavior and complete eligibility in the development of a free society are focused during 1960s critiques, which can lead to dismiss of the social responsibility as well as discipline in maintaining the factors. However, the government’s social policy are based on stating the stakes, risks, payoffs, tradeoffs and strategies that can make up a clear living of people. As cited byOcampoet al., (2018), the critique of Losing Ground is based on the attack to the government policies and not on the implement of a policy that can keep the society in an equilibrium. The suggestion of eligibility regarding the food Stamps critically expresses that the consensus of a person is based on providing the demandable unit and not focusing on the equilibrium unit(Prather,et al., 2018). Thus, the concept of poverty during 1960s is not due to the social policy but due to the behavioral changes. Thus, the concept of unintended rewards cannot be emphasized to fill the gap of social welfare. Critical analysis of Murray’s Theory on Choosing the Future As cited by Sung, (2017), the proposal for public welfare suggested the proposition of resources that can help the person to do enormous good in a quick run. Various programs in the Murray’s Critique illustrate to convert the large population of unemployed young generation to steady workers that can make their living from the wages(Ramseyer, 2020). However, critiques of the literature explain the need of proper training and education as well as the choice of individual in the working skill as a better part in the development of hardcore employment. Moreover, the people who are still working in the fields need to be changed in order to appoint others. The critical analyses of these literatures benefit the issue of need of employment that can control the trend line of breakup of poor families. However, as cited by Garrett, (2019), the education is important factor with the need of skills and not focus on the trend of poverty. The era of 1950-1980 is stated as the trend of poverty as the government at that time focused on enhancing the life of poor people. However, the critique explanation of the deductive or generalized theory of the government laws by Charles Murray is a description of the demand of employment in order to enhance the improvements that can affect some millions of people(Varady, 2019). Social programs that were installed since 1965 focused on the illusion of real question of efforts that can change the proposed results. Literature Gap The above-discussed literature has led to the discussion on the philosophy of Charles Murray who represented as a Critique in the line of social policy that was developed by the government in 1960s. Moreover, the focus of literature emerged with a gap in the discussion that appeared due to limitation of discussion. This created a gap in the discussion in the analysis of the critique of Charles Murray. Moreover, the analysis only focused on the attacking skill of the Great Society and not on the implication of the resources. Thus, the improvement of million people and discussion of life of poor people is restricted to several strengths due to the lack of evidence in the previous literature. Research Methodology Research design Research design illustrates the design based on which the following research takes place. In this research, the research will focus on describing and analyzing all the factors of changing social policy and aspects of poverty in 1960s(Yaroshenko, 2019). Moreover, the research design will include the fundamentals of data collection that will focus on the assessment of theories, articles and literature, measurement of each data, and analysis to conclude overall statement. In addition to this, the design of the research is based on descriptive analysis where each journal are focused in a critical review point in order to illustrate the discussion. Thus, the research design for this research is descriptive and based on the collection of primary data through qualitative analysis. Data collection Method The above study is based on the discussion and critical analysis of several peer-reviewed debate in the given topic. Moreover, the research is based on the qualitative method of data analysis that can focus on the critical review of each peer-reviewed literature such as articles, journals, and books that have an access of the concept of Charles Murray. In order to analyze the Murray’s concept that focuses on the concepts of poverty, social policy and welfare of the people a qualitative study is focused(Blackman& Rogers, 2017). The qualitative analysis is based on theoretical analysis that concentrates on the real data of previous literature highlighting their literature gap with subsequent detailed study and others to explore the actual debate in the social policy during 1960s. Since the time of analysis is of past date, the data cannot be focused from the analysis of quantitative research as no such interview or survey can provide such clear data of previous generation. Moreover, the concept of qualitative analysis can help to restore various previous literatures in view of the literatures that focus upon the collection of primary data as the proper method to study the following research topic. Conclusion At the end of the complete research, it can be concluded that the theory of Charles Murray is relevant for the poverty constraints in 1960s. The concept of laws and reason behind the constraints of helping was focused by Murray; however, the wide embedded reason for imperfect selection led in the transfer program and management of free society. According to the theory of Charles Murray, it focused upon the law of imperfect selection, which dealt with the objective of defining the eligibility for the social transfer programs. The second law of unintended rewards are based on the social transfer of the net value to make the society complete free from bounds The third law of net harm also illustrates a critical debate that analyses the concepts of inducing change in controlling the net harm Thus, the above points on the discussion illustrate the scenario of change in the global social policy during 1960s where the freedom of social entity can lead to huge damage in the perspective. Moreover, the ratio of poverty needs an equal importance since the changes in the social respect can lead to huge error in the balance of the society. Reference List Blackman, S., & Rogers, R. (2017). Critically theorizing young adult marginality: historical and contemporary perspectives. Youth Marginality in Britain: Contemporary Studies of Austerity, 3. Garrett, P. M. (2019). “Castaway categories”: Examining the re-emergence of the “underclass” in the UK. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 30(1), 25-45. Keith-Jennings, B., Llobrera, J., & Dean, S. (2019). Links of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program with food insecurity, poverty, and health: evidence and potential. American journal of public health, 109(12), 1636-1640.Nwankpa, N. (2017). Sustainable agricultural development in Nigeria: a way out of hunger and poverty. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 6(4), 175-175.Ocampo, J. A., Bastian, E. F., & Reis, M. (2018). The myth of the 'Latin American decade'. PSL Quarterly Review, 71(285). Prather, C., Fuller, T. R., Jeffries IV, W. L., Marshall, K. J., Howell, A. V., Belyue-Umole, A., & King, W. (2018). Racism, African American women, and their sexual and reproductive health: a review of historical and contemporary evidence and implications for health equity. Health equity, 2(1), 249-259.Ramseyer, J. M. (2020). A Monitoring Theory of the Underclass: With Examples from Outcastes, Koreans, and Okinawans in Japan. Sung, K. K. (2017). “Accentuate the positive; eliminate the negative”: Hegemonic interest convergence, racialization of Latino poverty, and the 1968 Bilingual Education Act. Peabody Journal of Education, 92(3), 302-321.Varady, D. (2019). The divided city: poverty and prosperity in urban America. Yaroshenko, S. S. (2019). On possibilities of applying the underclass theory in Russia. Sotsiologicheskieissledovaniya, (9), 28-38.
Subject Name: Economics
Level: Undergraduate
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